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Dealing Ranges - Powerful filter tool to your tradingHello Traders today. I ll break down for you how to enter on a pullback with high accuracy and not being stopped out by using a fibonacci in other words a Dealing range. A Dealing Range forms when price takes out both a swing high and a swing low, followed by a clear expansion move. That expansion swing becomes the dealing range. • By dividing the dealing range in half, we get two zones: • Discount region (lower half) – where buying opportunities are typically more favorable. • Premium region (upper half) – where selling opportunities are typically more favorable. • You can think of a dealing range as similar to a PD Array Matrix, but specifically applied to expansion swings rather than consolidation phases. On the example bellow I drew a Dealing range. If I took the long from the key level in the premium the trade would fail. But if waited for the key level in discount I could get much better RR and explosive move vice versa is happening on the bearish order flow charts. Check on your charts So why is this situation on the above happening quite often? It's simple - Liquidity. Market makers needs liquidity to fill their orders so they print nice trade opportunities in the premium where trader enter this setup, for trend continuation. Setup is technically right. But by placing the trades in premium they creates a stop loss cluster = liquidity in the discount. Then this happen - price go for the liquidity of early buyers in the premium hits key level in the discount and it continue with the trend. Im not saying that key levels in the premium cant work, in the strong trend there is no always pullback to the discount. But by applying Dealing ranges you will get: Less but more accurate trades Higher Risk reward setups You can build HTF narrative Use it for targets Better risk management Remember, there is not always a key level in the premium and pullback to the discount is not enough. Trade must go from a key level. So if there is not a key level in the premium price is often retracing to the discount key level in order to create a liquidity around a key level price makes a false break which sucks traders in to the market and create a liquidity on a key level. Dont enter if price is not going from key level its a trap. Time frame alignments Always use 2 timeframes Higher time frame (HTF) and Lower timeframe (LTF) • Higher Timeframe (HTF) = Dealing ranges • Lower Timeframe (LTF) = Market Profiles / Profiling Timeframe sequence HTF Monthly - LTF - Daily / H4 HTF Weekly - LTF - H4 / H1 HTF Daily - LTF H1/ M15 HTF H4 - LTF M15 / M5 Im giving 2x LTF options because sometimes you need to scale lower timeframe to understand price action and best entries. However for the confirmations you can do well with the main sequence of first two. Apply this rule to any markets. Im adding links to few examples from stocks, crypto an FX where you can see application of this concept. Click to charts to open them and see how price behave in discount and premium. Examples from successful Tradingview Ideas Tesla pullback to the discount - Low created in discount ATH most likely coming Bitcoin pullback to the discount - Followed by expansion to ATH Palantir pullback to the discount - followed by expansion to ATH Bitcoin pullback to the Discount - followed by expansion GBPCHF - Targeting Liquidity in the discount Hope this help you in your trading journey. Let me know in the comments David Perk aka Dave FX Hunter
Education
by David_Perk
32
Gold Pullback Toward 3,650 as DXY Weakness Supports UpsideHey Traders, in today's trading session we are monitoring XAUUSD (Gold) for a buying opportunity around the 3,650 zone. Gold is trading in an uptrend, with price currently correcting toward this key support/resistance level. Structure: The broader bias remains bullish, with price pulling back toward a key area of interest. Key level in focus: 3,650 — a zone where buyers may look to re-enter and resume the trend. Fundamentals: The U.S. Dollar Index (DXY) maintains a bearish bias, currently in a downtrend and approaching 97.150 resistance. This weakness could continue to support Gold due to their negative correlation. Trade safe, Joe.
OANDA:XAUUSDLong
by JoeChampion
13
Solana Eyes 14% Upside, Approaching $275 Breakout Target SoonHello✌️ Let’s analyze Solana’s price action both technically and fundamentally 📈. 🔍Fundamental analysis: The SIMD-0326 upgrade could cut Solana’s block finality to just 150ms, possibly bringing big traders and fresh capital. But new validator fees might be tough on smaller player 📊Technical analysis: SOL is trading within a strong ascending channel, nearing a breakout above the upper boundary, which could propel price toward $275 with at least 14% upside. 📈🚀 ✨We put love into every post! Your support inspires us 💛 Drop a comment we’d love to hear from you! Thanks , Mad Whale
Long
by MadWhale
2
Double Top formation on AUDCAD - Risky, okay?Price made a strong rally on AUDCAD, climbing aggressively. But now, we’re spotting a possible Double Top formation, two peaks at roughly the same level. At first glance, this looks like a bearish setup. But here’s the caution: in the context of such a powerful uptrend, a Double Top can be tricky. Sometimes, it’s just a pause before buyers push even higher. We can say that the neckline broke rather cleanly, with strong confirmation, but I don't see that much conviction yet from the sellers. Buyers could come back, and the uptrend continues. This is what makes it risky. Above, there’s a strong resistance zone, and that’s exactly where price could be heading next. So, don’t jump in too early. Because fading a strong trend is always risky business… or should I say risky biscuit?
Short
by TrendDiva
15
Lingrid | DOGEUSDT Bull Run Retracement PlayThe price perfectly fulfilled my previous idea . BINANCE:DOGEUSDT has shown strong bullish momentum, breaking through a triangle pattern and extending toward the 0.3080 resistance zone. After topping out, price pulled back into the upward trendline, where buyers are attempting to re-establish control. Holding above 0.2600 keeps the bullish structure valid, with potential for another test of 0.3000 and higher levels. The broader trend remains constructive as long as higher lows are maintained. ⚠️ Risks: A breakdown below 0.2600 could shift momentum and expose 0.2015 support. Weakness in overall crypto sentiment may cap DOGE’s upside. Sudden volatility from BTC dominance shifts could pressure DOGE short term. If this idea resonates with you or you have your own opinion, traders, hit the comments. I’m excited to read your thoughts!
Long
by Lingrid
4
NZDUSD - Follow The Bulls AGAIN!Hello TradingView Family / Fellow Traders. This is Richard, also known as theSignalyst. 📈NZDUSD has been overall bullish trading within the rising broadening wedge marked in blue. This week, NZDUSD has been retesting the lower bound of the wedge. Moreover, the green zone is a strong structure. 🏹 Thus, the highlighted blue circle is a strong area to look for buy setups as it is the intersection of the lower blue trendline and green structure. 📚 As per my trading style: As #NZDUSD approaches the blue circle zone, I will be looking for trend-following bullish reversal setups (like a double bottom pattern, trendline break , and so on...) 📚 Always follow your trading plan regarding entry, risk management, and trade management. Good luck! All Strategies Are Good; If Managed Properly! ~Richard Nasr
Long
by TheSignalyst
4
EUR/USD - Rising Wedge Breakout @ H1 CMCMARKETS:EURUSD EUR/USD - Wedge Pattern Strong breakout - @ H1 with high volume. Expecting Strong Bearish outlook today and Fundamental also play major role today. "The Fed is still signalling more rate cuts, but at the same time still sees okay growth, which is a positive combination for share markets" The Fed reduced rates by a quarter point on Wednesday, as expected, and indicated it will steadily lower borrowing costs for the rest of this year, initially sending the dollar plunging. Support by Likes and Comments. Thank you.
Short
by AM_AlphaTrading
5
Gold Volatile After Fed, Rebounds to 3670📊 Market Developments: • After the Fed’s 25 bps rate cut, gold surged sharply and hit a new all-time high at 3707. • Strong profit-taking and a temporary USD rebound then dragged gold down to 3633 in the Asian session this morning. • Currently, gold has rebounded to around 3670, showing buying demand returning after the sharp pullback. 📉 Technical Analysis: • Key Resistance: $3700 – $3707 (new peak). • Nearest Support: $3630 – $3635 (successfully tested this morning). • EMA09 (H1): Price just bounced back above the short-term EMA, indicating a short-term recovery trend. • Candlestick / Momentum: H1 candles printed a long lower wick around 3633 → signal of bottom-fishing demand. Momentum is recovering but resistance at 3700 remains tough, suggesting further choppiness ahead. 📌 Outlook: Gold is in a highly volatile state following the Fed decision. Holding above 3660–3670 could trigger another test of the 3700–3707 resistance area. Conversely, a break below 3660 may drag gold back to retest 3630. 💡 Suggested Trading Strategy: • SELL XAU/USD : $3702 – $3705 🎯 TP: 40 / 80 / 200 pips ❌ SL: $3708 • BUY XAU/USD: $3635 – $3638 🎯 TP: 40 / 80 / 200 pips ❌ SL: $3632
OANDA:XAUUSDShort
by Mian-FXSignals
2
Lingrid | EURJPY Previous Year High Retest ExpectedThe price perfectly fulfilled my previous idea . FX:EURJPY is trading inside an upward channel, holding support above the 173.30 level while steadily pushing higher. The pair recently broke out of a consolidation range and is now eyeing the 174.50 resistance zone, which also aligns with the 2024 high. As long as price remains above the rising trendline, bullish momentum remains intact with potential to extend toward the resistance area. Buyers appear in control, with the structure favoring continuation. ⚠️ Risks: A breakdown below 173.30 could trigger a deeper pullback toward 172.20. Shifts in ECB or BOJ monetary policy outlook may cause sharp volatility. Stronger USDJPY flows could indirectly pressure EURJPY and cap upside momentum. If this idea resonates with you or you have your own opinion, traders, hit the comments. I’m excited to read your thoughts!
Long
by Lingrid
7
USDCAD – Head & Shoulders Pattern with Trendline BreakOn the 4H chart of USDCAD, a potential Head & Shoulders formation is visible, with the left shoulder, head, and right shoulder already marked. Price has also broken below the rising trendline, suggesting a possible bearish structure shift. Key points: Head & Shoulders pattern completed. Trendline break adds confluence. Price is currently retesting the broken zone. A continuation to the downside may develop if sellers remain in control. This analysis is shared for educational purposes only. It is not financial advice—always do your own research and follow your trading plan.
Short
by ProfitMagnet-Pro
1
International Trade Week – Analysis & Insights1. The Concept and Relevance of International Trade Week International Trade Week is often hosted by governments, international organizations, and trade promotion bodies to bring together stakeholders across the global trade ecosystem. It includes panel discussions, workshops, exhibitions, and networking opportunities, where thought leaders share insights about trade flows, barriers, and innovations. Its relevance lies in three primary dimensions: Global Trade Interdependence – Today’s world is interconnected. From microchips made in Taiwan to textiles from Bangladesh and crude oil from the Middle East, every economy relies on imports and exports. ITW recognizes this interdependence and creates a collaborative environment. Policymaking and Regulation – Trade is shaped by laws, tariffs, and treaties. Governments use ITW as a platform to communicate policy shifts and reassure investors and businesses. Innovation and Opportunities – Trade is no longer limited to physical goods. Services, intellectual property, and digital platforms dominate the 21st century. ITW offers a window into new-age opportunities, including e-commerce, fintech, and sustainability-driven trade practices. By bringing together diverse participants—from multinational corporations (MNCs) to small exporters—ITW acts as a bridge between aspiration and execution in international trade. 2. A Historical Perspective: Evolution of Global Trade Understanding International Trade Week also means looking at the evolution of global trade itself. Early Exchanges (Silk Road & Spice Routes): Ancient trade routes such as the Silk Road and maritime spice routes connected civilizations. These exchanges were as much about culture as they were about goods. Colonial Trade (15th–19th Century): European colonial powers expanded global trade networks, often exploiting colonies for raw materials and markets. This era set the foundation for the global economic order. Post-War Reconstruction (20th Century): After WWII, institutions like the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and later the World Trade Organization (WTO) were created to ensure fair and open trade. 21st Century (Digital & Fragmented Trade): Today, trade is shaped by supply chain networks, technology, and geopolitics. The rise of China, regional trade agreements (RCEP, CPTPP, USMCA), and digital commerce show how trade continues to evolve. International Trade Week acknowledges this historical journey, reminding participants that trade has always been dynamic, responding to power shifts, technological progress, and social needs. 3. Key Themes of International Trade Week Every edition of International Trade Week usually focuses on specific themes that reflect the challenges and opportunities of the moment. While these themes vary by host country or organizer, some recurring topics include: a) Resilient Supply Chains The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the vulnerabilities of global supply chains. ITW sessions emphasize strategies like diversification, regionalization, and digital supply chain management. b) Digital Trade & E-Commerce With Amazon, Alibaba, and Shopify reshaping consumer behavior, ITW explores how digitalization is breaking down trade barriers and empowering small businesses to sell globally. c) Sustainability & Green Trade Sustainable trade practices, carbon border taxes, renewable energy, and ESG (environmental, social, governance) frameworks dominate discussions. Trade is increasingly tied to climate responsibility. d) SMEs and Inclusive Trade While multinational corporations dominate global exports, SMEs are crucial for job creation. ITW highlights financing, capacity building, and digital tools to help SMEs go global. e) Geopolitics & Trade Wars From the U.S.–China trade tensions to Brexit, geopolitics often disrupt trade flows. ITW provides a platform to address these issues diplomatically and pragmatically. 4. Economic Insights: The Impact of Trade on Economies Trade is not an abstract concept; it directly affects jobs, prices, wages, and economic growth. During ITW, economists often present data-driven insights to show how trade shapes economies. GDP Growth: Countries that embrace trade generally grow faster. For instance, export-oriented economies like South Korea and Vietnam have shown strong growth. Employment: Trade-intensive industries provide millions of jobs. However, automation and offshoring can also displace workers, raising concerns of inequality. Inflation Control: Imports can keep inflation in check by offering cheaper alternatives. But over-reliance on imports can expose economies to global shocks. Innovation Transfer: Trade encourages technological adoption. Developing countries benefit from importing advanced machinery, while developed nations access new markets. Economic models discussed at ITW reinforce the idea that balanced trade policies drive long-term prosperity. 5. Geopolitics and Trade Diplomacy Trade cannot be separated from geopolitics. ITW sessions often feature diplomats and strategists who emphasize how global power dynamics shape commerce. US–China Rivalry: The trade war between the U.S. and China reshaped global supply chains, pushing companies to adopt a “China+1” strategy. Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs): Agreements like the EU Single Market, RCEP (Asia-Pacific), and CPTPP are creating trade blocs that bypass WTO stagnation. Sanctions & Trade Barriers: Sanctions on countries like Russia and Iran illustrate how geopolitics directly impact trade. Emerging Markets: Nations like India, Indonesia, and Brazil are being courted as alternative trade partners amid shifting alliances. International Trade Week discussions often stress that diplomacy and trade are intertwined, and businesses must be agile in navigating these complexities. 6. Technology and Digital Trade Perhaps the most transformative theme in recent ITW events has been technology. Blockchain in Trade: Enhances transparency and traceability in supply chains, reducing fraud. Artificial Intelligence (AI): Predicts demand patterns, optimizes logistics, and supports cross-border compliance. Fintech & Trade Finance: Digital payments and blockchain-based financing reduce costs for SMEs. Digital Platforms: Marketplaces allow even the smallest entrepreneur to reach global customers. By showcasing case studies and startups, ITW emphasizes that digitalization is not a distant future—it is already redefining how trade works today. 7. Sustainability and the Future of Green Trade One of the strongest insights from ITW is the link between trade and climate responsibility. With carbon emissions and environmental degradation becoming urgent issues, trade policies are being reshaped. Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAM): The EU, for example, taxes imports based on carbon footprints. Sustainable Supply Chains: Companies are expected to ensure responsible sourcing (e.g., conflict-free minerals, ethical textiles). Green Technologies: Renewable energy products, electric vehicles, and eco-friendly goods are becoming trade growth drivers. Global Cooperation: ITW emphasizes that sustainability in trade requires collective action, not isolated efforts. 8. Role of SMEs and Inclusive Growth Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) often struggle to compete with global giants due to limited resources. Yet, they are the backbone of most economies. ITW highlights policies such as: Easier access to trade finance. Training programs to improve export readiness. Digital tools to reach international buyers. Public–private partnerships to support SME participation in trade fairs. Inclusive trade ensures that globalization does not just benefit large corporations but uplifts grassroots entrepreneurs as well. 9. Challenges in International Trade While ITW celebrates opportunities, it also brings attention to challenges: Protectionism: Countries imposing tariffs and quotas to shield domestic industries. WTO Deadlock: The WTO’s inability to resolve disputes weakens global trade governance. Digital Divide: Not all countries have equal access to digital infrastructure, creating imbalances. Environmental Concerns: Trade expansion sometimes worsens ecological damage if not regulated. Global Shocks: Pandemics, wars, and natural disasters disrupt supply chains. These challenges remind stakeholders that progress in trade requires continuous adaptation. 10. Case Studies from International Trade Week During ITW, real-world examples highlight successes and failures: UK Trade Week 2023: Focused on post-Brexit trade diversification, encouraging SMEs to explore markets outside Europe. Singapore’s Trade Dialogues: Emphasized digital trade corridors across ASEAN. African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Case studies showed how intra-African trade could unlock massive growth if infrastructure and regulations align. Such case studies turn theory into actionable insights for businesses and policymakers. 11. Future Outlook of International Trade Looking ahead, several trends are likely to dominate ITW discussions: Multipolar Trade World: With the rise of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, trade will no longer be West-centric. Digital & AI-Driven Commerce: Data will become as valuable as goods in trade. Resilient Regional Supply Chains: “Friend-shoring” and nearshoring will increase. Green Protectionism: Environmental rules will reshape competitive advantages. Inclusive Globalization: Pressure will grow to ensure trade benefits are shared fairly. 12. Conclusion International Trade Week is not just a ceremonial event—it is a mirror reflecting the state of global commerce and a compass pointing toward future directions. It encapsulates history, geopolitics, economics, and innovation in one platform. By analyzing themes like digitalization, sustainability, and inclusivity, ITW helps stakeholders prepare for a future where trade is more complex but also more opportunity-driven than ever before. Ultimately, International Trade Week reminds us that trade is not about borders, but about connections. In an era where globalization faces both skepticism and necessity, ITW stands as a beacon for dialogue, cooperation, and shared prosperity.
Education
by GlobalWolfStreet
1
MARKET PROFILE🔸🔸🔸 1 - Back to the Roots: Learn the Theory, Improve Signal 🔸🔸🔸 Becoming a successful trader starts with building a strong foundation of knowledge. This foundation comes from time spent in the markets and real experience. While the basic idea is easy to understand, actually building this solid base takes effort and patience. Trading experience, careful observation, focusing on what truly matters, and understanding basic technical principles are all key parts of this foundation. Patience and awareness also play a big role in making it stronger. Without this foundation, it’s difficult to trade well over the long term. But when you have it, you can think more clearly, make better decisions, and trust your own judgment. In today’s fast-paced markets, some traders try to skip this step, only to realize later how important it really is. The good news is, it’s never too late to start building this foundation—you just need to dedicate the time and be ready to put in the work. If you grasp the lessons from these experiences, you’ll see that they apply directly to your own journey as a trader. Along the way, you might also discover fresh insights about how markets really work today. 🔸🔸🔸 2 - Peter Steidlmayer 🔸🔸🔸 Peter Steidlmayer is the creator of Market Profile, a powerful tool that traders today often use through Market Profile analysis. What makes his idea special is that it didn’t come only from books or classrooms — it was shaped by his life experiences growing up on a ranch in California. From an early age, Peter learned important lessons about value and fairness from his father. On their family ranch, his father would only sell crops when the price was fair, aiming for a reasonable profit instead of chasing big gains. If prices were too low, he’d hold on to the grain rather than selling at a loss. When buying, whether groceries or used farm equipment, his father was careful not to overpay, always seeking a fair deal. This taught Peter that value is not just a price number — it’s a relationship between price, time, and need. Paying too much means time works against you; paying less means time is on your side. Later in college, Peter took a statistics course where he learned about the bell curve—a way to find patterns in what might look like random data. This gave him the idea that market prices also have a “fair value” area, where most trading happens, and areas away from this center that create opportunities. He combined this with the ideas of value investing from Graham and Dodd and the concept of the “minimum trend” by John Schultz, which measures the smallest meaningful price movements. By grouping these price movements, Peter saw that prices tend to cluster around a fair value zone, forming a bell curve shape. This became the foundation for Market Profile and later, Volume Profile. 🔸🔸🔸 3 - Market Profile 🔸🔸🔸 Before we dive into Market Profile, it’s important to understand Peter Steidlmayer’s journey and how he developed Market Profile. Through his research and testing different systems, Peter noticed that although some methods worked at first, none gave consistent or reliable results over time. The most important insight he gained was that all these approaches tried to predict future market prices — something he came to believe is impossible. Instead of guessing where prices might go, Peter focused on finding value , which he called fair value . The goal of Market Profile is not to provide buy or sell signals but to help traders find where the true value lies. Market Profile is a tool, not a trading system. To use it effectively, you need to understand its core principles, not just memorize fixed rules. Unlike simple buy/sell systems that stop working when market conditions change, Market Profile helps you see those changes as they happen and adapt your strategy accordingly. Remember, market decisions always require your own judgment. Market Profile cannot predict the future — no tool can — but it helps you understand what is happening right now, so you can make better trading decisions. Before we move on to interpreting Market Profile, we will first look at three key steps that will help build a clear foundation Market Profile Graph: How the profile is drawn and what it represents Market Profile on TradingView: How you can access and use this tool on TradingView Anatomy of a Market Profile: Explanation of the key components Once we cover these basics, we’ll be ready to focus on interpreting Market Profile and applying it in trading decisions. 📌 3.1 - Market Profile Graph If you understand the basic principles behind Market Profile, you will be able to recognize key patterns easily, without getting confused by changes in how they are displayed. To make this clear, I will draw the Market Profile for the trading session between 9:00 and 15:00. This will help you see how time and price interact at different levels during that trading session. 3.1.1 - Understanding the Letters in a Market Profile Chart In a Market Profile chart, each letter represents a 30-minute time period during the trading day. The sequence starts with the letter A for the first half-hour (9:00–9:30), then B for the next half-hour (9:30–10:00), and continues alphabetically until the market closes. This way, the chart shows not only which prices were traded but also exactly when they were active during the day. 3.1.2 - A Period (9:00 – 9:30) This price level is where we start placing the letter A to represent the first 30 minutes. The trading day opens at 2685, marked by an arrow on the left side of the profile. (Shape a). Shortly after the open, the price rises to 2690 (Shape b), so we place the letter A at 2690. Then, the price falls to 2680 (Shape c), and we add the letter A down to that level as well. Next, the price climbs again to 2690 before settling back to 2680 (Shape d), which becomes the final price of the first half-hour. We do not add another A where one already exists. The closing price of this period, 2680, is marked with an arrow on the right side of the profile. (Note: Price Movement Shape in the chart is drawn to illustrate how the price moved within this 30-minute period.) 3.1.3 - B Period (9:30 – 10:00) The second half-hour opens at 2680, so we place the letter B—which represents this time period—at that price level. Since the first column already has the letter A, we place this B in the second column (Shape a). Then, the price drops to 2670, and we add the letter B down to this level, always filling the leftmost empty column. This period closes at 2675 (Shape b). The price falls further to 2665, which is where the second half-hour ends. The final price of this period, 2665, is marked with an arrow on the right side of the profile (Shape c). (Note: Price Movement Shape in the chart is drawn to illustrate how the price moved within this 30-minute period.) 3.1.4 - Completing the Market Profile for the Day (10:00-15:00) As the day progresses, we continue placing the letters in this way. During the third half-hour (10:00–10:30), the decline continues. The market moves between 2665 and 2620, closing this period at 2640. If we assume the drawing process is now understood from these examples, we can move to the end of the day. Throughout the session, prices move between 2695 and 2620, closing the day at 2670. At this point, we have the complete Market Profile for the day. When we compare this type of chart with a candlestick chart, we see that both show the same basic information. However, the purpose here is not to track the exact price movement, but to see the value area created during the day. By focusing on the value area, we can see how price and time interact. The more time the price spends at a certain level, the more trading volume builds there. The higher the volume, the more the market sees that price as value. Price + Time = Value 📌 3.2 - Market Profile on TradingView Before we explore the key components of a Market Profile chart, it’s important to know how to display it on TradingView. There are two main ways to do this—either by changing the chart type to TPO or by adding it through the Indicators menu. 1. Enable TPO View from Chart Type Menu Click on the Candles button at the top of your chart. Select Time Price Opportunity (TPO) from the list of chart types. 2. Add Market Profile via Indicators Click the Indicators button on the toolbar. Go to the Technicals section and scroll to Profiles. Choose Time Price Opportunity or Session Time Price Opportunity depending on whether you want the profile for the whole chart or for individual sessions. 📌 3.3 - Anatomy of a Market Profile Let’s first explore the main components of a Market Profile chart—TPOs, Initial Balance, Extremes, Range Extensions, Fair Value, Unfair High, Unfair Low, and Value Areas. In this section, we’ll not only define each of them but also show how they appear on the chart for better understanding. Key Components of a Market Profile Chart Visualizing Components on a TradingView TPO Chart 3.3.1 - Key Components of a Market Profile Chart Detailed explanations of each element that forms the structure of a Market Profile. TPOs (Time Price Opportunities) Each letter on the Market Profile chart is called a TPO (Time Price Opportunity). A TPO represents a specific price traded during a specific time period, showing both when and at what level the market was active. The sequence begins with capital letters (A, B, C, …), and once these are used up, it continues with lowercase letters (a, b, c, …) to represent later time periods. Initial Balance The Initial Balance marks the price range established during the first two letter time periods, usually represented by the letters A and B. It shows where the market first found a trading range and is often indicated on the left side of the profile with a vertical line. Note: If the letter time period is set to 15 minutes, each letter represents 15 minutes of trading, so the Initial Balance covers only the first 30 minutes in Tradingview. In TradingView, you can use the Initial Balance (IB) range feature to define the key price range at the start of the session. By default, it covers 2 letters (A and B), but if you prefer, you can adjust the range to 3, 4, 5, or more bars to suit your analysis. Extremes An extreme is the activity that occurs at the very top or bottom of a price range, represented by two or more single TPO prints standing alone. It forms when the market tests a price level, then quickly rejects it and moves away, showing that the opposite side (buyers or sellers) stepped in with strength. Extremes appear when the market rejects prices at the top or bottom of the range, leaving behind either a buying tail(single prints at the bottom) or a selling tail (single prints at the top). Visually, the value area forms the main “body” of the profile, while extremes extend outward like “tails.” Note: An extreme cannot occur in the last time period of the day, since there is no following trade to confirm rejection. Range Extension A range extension happens when the price moves beyond the initial balance (A and B TPOs). This expansion happens because longer-term traders step in with enough volume to push prices higher or lower. An upside extension signals active buyers, while a downside extension signals active sellers. Range extensions help reveal the influence of longer-term participants and provide important context about the market’s directional bias. Fair Value In a Market Profile chart, the price level with the highest number of letters (TPOs) is called the fair value. This level often corresponds to the price with the highest traded volume. If the profile shows more than one fair value level, the one closest to the midpoint of the day’s trading range is selected. Unfair High The highest price level of a distribution where trading activity is low. It represents an “unfair” or advantageous selling area because prices moved too high for buyers to remain interested. This level often marks the top of the range. Unfair Low The lowest price level of a distribution where trading activity is low. It represents an “unfair” or advantageous buying area because prices moved too low for sellers to remain interested. This level often marks the bottom of the range. Value Area The price range where most trading activity occurs, usually about 70% of TPOs. It shows where the market accepts price as fair, with buyers and sellers actively rotating around this level. Prices above the value area are advantageous for the longer-term seller; prices below it are advantageous for the longer-term buyer. The calculation process is: Start with the price level that has the highest volume. If this alone doesn’t reach 70%, compare the total volume of the one price levels above with the one price levels below. Add the larger of the one to your total. Repeat this process until you reach about 70% of the day’s total volume. 3.3.2 - Visualizing Components on a TradingView TPO Chart Demonstration of how these components look directly on TradingView using the TPO chart. With the Expand Block feature, the Market Profile is shown as separate columns, where each letter is placed in its own block. This helps you clearly see which price levels were active in each 30-minute. Shifting the letters into the empty left column serves a special purpose. Instead of focusing on the exact price movements, this view highlights the value area created during the session. It allows traders to see where the market spent the most time and built the strongest acceptance, rather than just tracking short-term fluctuations. 🔸🔸🔸 4 - Principles of Market Profile 🔸🔸🔸 Now that we have learned how to draw the profile and the key terms used, we can move on to how to read a Market Profile chart. Market Profile is not a ready-made trading system—it is a tool designed to support your decision-making. To use it well, you need to understand the principles behind how it works. No matter how advanced a tool is, your trading decisions will always require your own judgment—Market Profile can’t replace that. It also cannot predict the future—but then again, no one can. What it does do is give you a clear picture of the current market situation. By understanding what’s happening right now, you put yourself in a stronger position to make better, more informed decisions. 📌 4.1 - The Auction Framework The Auction Framework explains how the market works like an auction, helping people buy and sell. When prices go up, more buyers are attracted, willing to pay higher prices. When prices go down, more sellers enter, ready to sell at lower prices. The market moves like an auction in two main ways: first, it pushes prices higher until there are no more buyers willing to pay more. Then, it reverses and moves down until there are no more sellers willing to sell at lower prices. In this way, the market constantly moves up and down, balancing buyers and sellers. When the upward movement ends, the downward movement begins, and this cycle keeps repeating. Looking a bit closer, the market moves in one direction and “asks” the other side (buyers or sellers) to respond. When the opposite side responds enough to stop the current move, the market changes direction. In short, the market is like a continuous auction, where prices rise and fall as buyers and sellers compete—until one side runs out of interest. 📌 4.2 - Negotiating Process When the market moves in one direction, it creates boundaries for the price range. These boundaries are called the unfair low at the bottom and the unfair high at the top. They represent price levels where the market has gone too far — these are called excesses . Once these limits are established, the market starts trading inside this range. It moves between the unfair low and unfair high to find a fair price , which we call value . In other words, the market negotiates within this range to settle on value. If you pause the market at any moment, you will notice three important points: Unfair low (the lowest excess) Unfair high (the highest excess) Value (somewhere in the middle) These three points show how buyers and sellers negotiate prices in the market. 📌 4.3 - Time Frame Markets are always shaped by two different forces: short-term traders and long-term traders. Both are active at the same time, but their goals are very different. Short-term traders are focused on “fair price” for the day. When the market opens, price moves up and down as these traders search for a balance point where both buyers and sellers agree. If the open is inside the previous day’s range, short-term activity usually dominates. They don’t wait for the perfect deal—they just need a reasonable price to complete their trades quickly, like a business traveler who buys a ticket at the going rate without shopping around. Long-term traders , on the other hand, are more strategic. They are not in a hurry to trade today. They wait for an advantageous price—something too high or too low compared to value. When they step in with enough volume, they can break the balance and extend the market range. This is how trends begin. You can think of them as a vacation traveler who has time to wait for the best discount fare. Because long-term buyers see value at low prices and long-term sellers see value at high prices, they rarely meet in the middle. Instead, the market swings: rising to create opportunity for sellers, falling to create opportunity for buyers. The result is a constant cycle: balance, imbalance, and back to balance. Day-to-day order flow is shaped by short-term traders, but big moves and directional trends come from long-term players. At the extremes—whether too high or too low—it’s always the long-term traders who take control. 📌 4.4 - Balance and Imbalanced The market helps people buy and sell by moving repeatedly between states of imbalance and balance. This happens both within a single trading session and over longer-term trends. When the market is balanced , buying and selling are roughly equal. This means the market has found an opposing force and is trading around a fair price where buyers and sellers agree. When the market is imbalanced , either buying or selling dominates. The market moves up or down directionally, searching for the opposite reaction and a fair price to trade around. In short: A balanced market has found a fair price. An imbalanced market is still looking for that fair price. This is simply another way of stating the law of supply and demand: buyers want to buy, sellers want to sell, and the market is either in balance or trying to get there. 📌 4.5 - Day Timeframe Structure The idea of day structure comes from how the market looks for a fair price where both buyers and sellers are willing to trade. If a price is unfair, trading will stop there, and the market will move until balance is found. The first hour of trading sets the initial balance . This range is like the “base” of the day. A wide base is more stable, while a narrow base is weak and often leads to bigger moves later in the day. Just like the base of a lamp keeps it standing, a wide initial balance provides stability, while a narrow initial balance is easier to “knock over,” leading to bigger moves and range extensions. When longer-term traders enter, they can break this balance. If they act small, the market moves only a little. If they act strong, the market can move far and leave signs, like tails on the profile. Tails show where longer-term traders rejected extreme prices. By watching the initial balance and the activity of longer-term players, traders can recognize different day types . Each type gives clues about short-term trading opportunities and the market’s bigger direction. The main balanced types are: Normal Day Neutral Day The main imbalanced types are: Normal Variation Day Trend Day 4.5.1 - Normal Day On a Normal Day , the market is in balance and longer-term traders have little influence. The Market Profile often looks like a classic bell curve , where most trading happens around a fair central price. At the extremes, prices are rejected—buyers stop above and sellers stop below—keeping the market balanced. Key Characteristics: The key sign of a Normal Day is the initial balance (first hour’s range), which usually makes up about 85% of the entire day’s range . In other words, the first hour often defines how the rest of the day will unfold. If any range extension happens, it usually comes late in the session. Dynamics: In terms of volume, around 80% comes from short-term traders and only 20% from longer-term participants . Because long-term players are mostly inactive, the market doesn’t trend strongly and instead stays contained within the initial balance area. 4.5.2 - Neutral Day A Neutral Day occurs when both long-term buyers and sellers are active, but neither side gains control. Their efforts cancel each other out, so price extends beyond the initial balance in both directions , then returns to balance. Key Characteristics: Range extensions above and below the initial balance. Close near the middle of the day’s range. Initial balance is moderate in size —not as wide as a Normal Day, not as narrow as a Trend Day. Often shows symmetry : the upside and downside extensions are about equal. In terms of volume, around 70% comes from short-term traders and only 30% from longer-term participants . Dynamics: Uncertainty dominates. Long-term traders test prices higher and lower, but without strong follow-through, their activity neutralizes. Short-term traders make up most of the volume, keeping the market contained. This indecision often leads to repeated neutral days , as neither side has enough conviction to drive a clear trend. 4.5.3 - Normal Variation Day A Normal Variation Day happens when long-term traders play a more active role than on a Normal Day, usually making up 20–40% of the day’s activity. Key Characteristics: Their involvement leads to a clear day extension beyond the initial balance, often about twice the size of the first hour’s range. The initial balance is not as wide as on a Normal Day, making it easier to break. As the day develops, long-term traders enter with conviction and push price beyond the base (range extension). Price may extend in one direction but eventually finds a new balance area. Volume split: 60–80% short-term traders, 20–40% longer-term traders. Dynamics: Early trading looks balanced and controlled by short-term participants. Later, longer-term buyers or sellers step in more aggressively, causing the day’s range to expand. If the extension is small, their influence is limited. 4.5.4 - Trend Day A Trend Day occurs when long-term traders dominate the market, pushing it strongly in one direction. Their influence creates maximum imbalance and range extension , often lasting from the open to the close. Key Characteristics: The close is usually near the day’s high or low (about 90–95% of the time). Volume is split roughly 40% short-term traders and 60% long-term traders . The profile shape is elongated and thin , unlike the balanced bell curve of a Normal Day. Price moves in one-timeframe fashion : each period makes higher highs in an uptrend or lower lows in a downtrend, with little to no rotation. Dynamics: Trend Days often start with a narrow initial balance , quickly broken as long-term participants step in with strong conviction. The move may be triggered by news, stop orders, or a strong shift in sentiment. As the trend unfolds, new participants are drawn in, fueling continuous directional movement. There are two types: Standard Trend Day – one continuous directional move. Double-Distribution Trend Day – an initial balance and pause, followed by a second strong directional push that creates a new distribution area. 📌 4.6 – Initiative and Responsive Activity In Market Profile, it’s important to know whether longer-term traders are acting with initiative (pushing the market) or responding (reacting to prices that look too cheap or too expensive). You can figure this out by comparing the day’s action with the previous day’s value area. Responsive Activity happens when traders behave in an expected way. Buyers step in when prices drop below value (cheap). Sellers step in when prices rise above value (expensive). This behavior maintains balance and is typical in Normal or balanced days. Example: price falls below yesterday’s value area → buyers enter → responsive buying. Initiative Activity happens when traders behave in an unexpected way. Buying takes place at or above value (where you’d normally expect selling). Selling takes place at or below value (where you’d normally expect buying). This shows strong conviction and usually drives imbalance or trend. Example: price above yesterday’s value area continues to attract buyers → initiative buying. Quick Rules (relative to the previous day’s value area): Above value → Selling = responsive, Buying = initiative Below value → Buying = responsive, Selling = initiative Inside value → Both buying and selling are considered initiative , but weaker than outside activity. Why it matters Responsive action keeps the market balanced → often short-term focused. Initiative action pushes the market to new areas of value → often starts trends. In short, responsive moves are reactions to “fair or unfair” prices, while initiative moves show conviction to create new value levels. 🔸🔸🔸 5 - Strategy 🔸🔸🔸 Trading is never about finding a magic formula—it’s about reading the market and making decisions with context. Market Profile doesn’t give you fixed answers like “buy here, sell there.” Instead, it provides market-generated information that helps you recognize when conditions are shifting and when an opportunity has a higher probability of success. Just like in teaching, if someone only looks for answers without understanding the reasoning, they miss the bigger lesson. In trading, the same is true: rules without context are dangerous. Market Profile teaches us how to think about the market, not just follow signals blindly. That said, there are special situations in Market Profile where the structure itself points to a high-confidence setup. These are not guarantees, but they often create trades that “almost have to be taken,” provided the overall market context supports them. Below are a few of the special strategies I’ll cover in detail. The goal is not to memorize fixed rules but to understand the logic behind them. By learning the reasoning, you’ll see why these setups matter and how to use them in practice with your Market Profile indicator. 3-1 Days Neutral-Extreme Days Spike 📌 5.1 - 3-1 Days Among the special setups in Market Profile, the 3-1 Day is one of the most well-known. It signals a strong conviction from longer-term traders and often leads to reliable follow-through the next session. Below is a practical, step-by-step guide you can follow when you spot a potential 3-1 Day. I give rules for identification, entry options (conservative → aggressive), stops, targets, trade management and failure signals. Keep it mechanical but always use judgement. What is a 3-1 Day A 3-1 Day occurs when three things line up in the same direction: an initiative tail (single-print tail showing rejection at an extreme), range extension beyond the Initial Balance, and TPO distribution that favors the same direction. When they align, longer-term players are showing conviction and follow-through is likely. Step 1 - Identify & confirm the 3 signals Confirm all three before trusting the set-up: Initiative tail • Look for single-print tail(s) at an extreme (top for selling tail, bottom for buying tail). • The tail must be initiative, not just reactive — ideally it sits outside or within prior day value area and is followed by continued action in the same direction. • A tail is valid only if price is rejected in at least one subsequent time period (i.e., it’s confirmed). Range extension • Price extends beyond the Initial Balance (A+B hour). • The extension should be clear (not just a one-tick TPO). On many 3-1 examples extension is large and directional. TPO count / profile bias • The profile shows more TPOs on the extension side. • TPOs favor the trend (more time/acceptance on the extension side). Step 2 — Decide entry approaches Conservative (recommended) • Wait for the next day open to be within or better than the previous day’s value area (statistically highly probable after a 3-1). • If next-day open confirms (opens in the trend direction or inside value but not against you), enter with a defined stop just beyond the tail/extreme. • Advantage: extra confirmation, lower chance of false continuation. Standard intraday (balanced) • Enter after the tail + extension + TPO bias are visible and price pulls back to a logical support/resistance area: • Buy: pullback into single-print area / inside single prints or into the upper edge of the prior value area. • Sell: mirrored logic for downside. • Place stop just beyond the tail extreme (a few ticks/pips beyond the single prints), or a tight structural stop below/above the retest. Aggressive • Enter as soon as price breaks out of the initial balance and shows range extension. • Because this approach carries more risk of a false breakout, you should use the smallest position size and the tightest stop. If the breakout continues, you capture the move early and maximize reward. If it fails, your loss is limited because of the tight stop and small size. 📌 5.2 - Neutral-Extreme Day A Neutral-Extreme Day starts as a neutral day (range extensions both above and below the Initial Balance) but closes near one extreme . That close signals a short-term “victor” among longer-term participants and gives a high-probability bias into the next session. Neutral-Extreme Days are powerful because they combine both-sided testing (neutrality) with a clear winning side at the close. That winner often carries conviction into the next session — but always use proper stops and watch for early failure signs. Treat the setup as a probability edge, not a certainty. Step 1 - Identify the Neutral-Extreme Day Confirm the day was neutral : range extensions occurred both above and below the IB during the session. Check the close : it is near the day’s high (neutral→high close) or near the day’s low (neutral→low close). Note: The close near an extreme indicates one side “won” the day and increased conviction. Step 2 - Decide entry approaches Conservative (recommended) • Wait for the next days' open. • If price of following days' opens above the Neutral Day’s Value Area and the Neutral Day closed near the high => Long below the Neutral Day’s Value Area and the Neutral Day closed near the low => Short • Place stop just beyond the opposite edge of the previous day’s VA or slightly beyond today’s extreme. Standard intraday (balanced) • Wait for the next day’s first 30–90 minutes • If price above the Neutral Day’s VA(or below the Neutral Day’s VA for short) • Enter during the next day when early initiative activity confirms continuation • Place stop just beyond the opposite edge of the Neutral day’s VA Aggressive • Enter at close of the Neutral-Extreme day, expecting continuation • Use small size and a tight stop because overnight/new-session risk exists. Example - 1 Example - 2 📌 5.3 - Spike A spike is a fast, a few time periods move away from Value Area of trading session. Because it happens near the close, the market has not had time to “prove” the new levels (Price + Time = Value). The next session’s open and early activity tell you whether the spike will be accepted (continuation) or rejected (reversion). 1 - How to identify a spike A spike starts with the period that breaks out of the day’s value area (the breakout period). The spike range is from the breakout period’s extreme to the day’s extreme in the spike direction. It is typically a quick, directional move in the last few time periods of the session. 2 - Acceptance vs Rejection - what to watch for next day Because the move happened late, you must wait until the next trading day to judge follow-through. Early next-day activity shows whether value forms at the spike levels (acceptance) or not (rejection). Accepted spike (continuation): Next day opens beyond the spike (above a buying spike, below a selling spike), or Next day opens inside the spike and then builds value there (TPOs/volume accumulate inside the spike). Both cases mean the market accepts the new levels and continuation in the spike direction is likely. Rejected spike (failure): Next day opens opposite the spike (below a buying spike or above a selling spike) and moves away. This indicates the probe failed and price will likely move back toward prior value. 3 - Spike Reference Points Openings within the spike: If next day opens inside the spike range → day is likely to balance around the spike. Expect two-timeframe rotational trade (sideways activity) within or near the spike. Treat the spike as a short-term new base : use the spike range (top-to-bottom of spike) as an estimate for that day’s range potential. Openings outside the spike: Open above a buying spike: very bullish - initiative buyers in control. Trade idea: look to buy near the top of the spike (spike top becomes support). Caution: if price later auctions back into the spike and breaks the spike top, the support may fail quickly. Open below a selling spike: very bearish — initiative sellers in control. Trade idea: look to short near the bottom of the spike (spike bottom becomes resistance). Open above a selling spike (rejecting the spike): bullish day-timeframe signal, often leads to rotations supported by the spike top as support. Open below a buying spike (rejecting the spike): bearish. 4 - Decide entry approaches Conservative (recommended) • Wait for next-day open and confirmation (open beyond spike or open inside then build value inside spike). • Enter on a pullback toward the spike extreme (top for long, bottom for short). • Place stop just beyond the opposite spike extreme. Standard intraday (balanced) • Enter at the open if it is above/below the spike in the spike direction. • Use tight size and tight stop (higher risk / higher reward). Aggressive • Enter when early session shows initiative in spike direction (strong TPO/volume buildup). • Stop under/above the spike extreme or an early structural swing. 🔸🔸🔸 6 - Conclusion 🔸🔸🔸 Becoming a proficient trader is much like designing with wood. At first, you study the fundamentals—understanding different types of wood, their strengths, how they react under load, and how joints transfer forces. Then you begin by following standard rules and templates, carefully measuring and cutting according to the book. Along the way, the tools you use—whether it’s a simple saw or advanced CNC machines—shape the quality of your work. Without the right tools, even solid knowledge can fall short. With practice, however, you learn not only how to apply the theory but also how to make the most of your tools, combining both into a process that feels natural and efficient. Eventually, you stop focusing on each detail step by step and instead feel how to create a structure that is both strong and elegant. Trading develops in the same way—starting from theory, moving through repetition, and finally reaching intuitive proficiency. Success in trading is not about memorizing every pattern but about combining three essential elements: Theory + Your Judgment + Tools = Results . Theory provides the foundation, judgment comes from experience and self-awareness, and tools like TradingView allow you to test, visualize, and refine your edge. Together, these elements build the confidence to act decisively in live markets. The strategies we explored—such as 3-1 Days, Neutral-Extreme Days, and Spikes —are valuable examples of how Market Profile structure can highlight high-probability opportunities. But now that you understand how profiles are built and the principles behind them, you are equipped to create and test your own strategies. Developing a personal approach not only strengthens your decision-making, it also raises your confidence level—one of the most important skills a trader can have. In the end, Market Profile is not about rigid answers but about learning to think in market terms. Once theory and experience merge into intuition, opportunity becomes something you recognize instinctively—just as a fluent speaker understands meaning without translation. That is the essence of proficiency: not just knowing the rules, but mastering the ability to trade with clarity and conviction. 🔸🔸🔸 7 – Resources 🔸🔸🔸 If you’d like to deepen your knowledge of Market Profile and its applications, the following books are highly recommended: A Six-Part Study Guide to Market Profile – CBOT A clear and structured guide that introduces Market Profile theory step by step, making it accessible for both beginners and intermediate traders. Steidlmayer on Markets: Trading with Market Profile – J. Peter Steidlmayer, Steven B. Hawkins Written by the creator of Market Profile, this book lays out the foundational concepts and demonstrates how profiles reveal the auction process behind price movement. Markets in Profile: Profiting from the Auction Process – James F. Dalton, Eric T. Jones, Robert B. Dalton A modern exploration of how the auction process applies to today’s markets, combining Market Profile concepts with behavioral finance and practical strategy. Mind Over Markets: Power Trading with Market Generated Information – James F. Dalton, Eric T. Jones, Robert B. Dalton Considered a classic, this book provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and applying Market Profile. It bridges theory with practical trading insights, making it a must-read for serious traders.
NASDAQ:AAPLEducation
by ARrowofTime
1
Digital Trade & the WTO: Setting the Rules for the 21st CenturyIntroduction The 21st century has been marked by the rapid digitalization of economies and societies. From online shopping to cloud computing, artificial intelligence, blockchain, and digital financial services, the global economy has been fundamentally transformed by digital technologies. Today, trade is no longer just about moving physical goods across borders; it increasingly involves the movement of data, digital services, and e-commerce transactions that occur in real-time across multiple jurisdictions. This transformation raises important questions: How should global trade rules adapt to this new reality? Who should set the standards? And what role does the World Trade Organization (WTO) play in shaping the rules of digital trade for the future? The WTO, created in 1995 to provide a framework for international trade, was born in a world where the internet was still in its infancy. Its rules were largely designed to govern trade in physical goods and, to a lesser extent, services. But in the last three decades, digital trade has exploded, exposing the limitations of the existing WTO framework. Recognizing this, members of the WTO have been debating how to modernize global trade rules to fit the digital age. This essay explores the concept of digital trade, the challenges it poses for global governance, and how the WTO can set the rules for the 21st century. It examines the key debates within the WTO on digital trade, the positions of major players, the ongoing negotiations, and the potential pathways for the future. Understanding Digital Trade What is Digital Trade? Digital trade refers to any trade in goods and services that is enabled or delivered digitally. It includes: E-commerce: Buying and selling goods or services over digital platforms like Amazon, Alibaba, or Flipkart. Digital services: Cross-border provision of services such as cloud storage, software-as-a-service (SaaS), online education, and telemedicine. Digital goods: Downloadable products such as e-books, music, movies, and video games. Cross-border data flows: Movement of information that underpins online transactions, cloud computing, and financial services. Emerging technologies: Blockchain-based financial services, artificial intelligence, and Internet of Things (IoT) applications that connect devices across borders. In short, digital trade blurs the line between goods, services, and data, making it harder to regulate under traditional trade frameworks. Why Digital Trade Matters Economic growth driver: The digital economy contributes trillions of dollars annually to global GDP. According to McKinsey, cross-border data flows now contribute more to global growth than trade in goods. Market access: Digital platforms provide small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with unprecedented access to global customers. Innovation and competition: Technology-enabled trade lowers entry barriers, stimulates innovation, and creates competition in sectors previously dominated by a few big players. Resilience: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of digital trade in sustaining global commerce during physical shutdowns. Given this importance, setting clear and fair rules for digital trade is a pressing challenge for international governance—and the WTO is at the center of this debate. The WTO and Its Role in Trade Governance The WTO’s mission is to facilitate free, fair, and predictable trade among its members. Its agreements—like the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)—have been instrumental in regulating global commerce. However, when the WTO was established in 1995, the concept of e-commerce barely existed. As such, the existing rules only indirectly cover digital trade. For instance: GATS applies to some digital services, but it was never designed for data-driven, cross-border service delivery. Intellectual Property (TRIPS Agreement): Provides some protection for digital products but doesn’t address challenges like piracy or data theft fully. Moratorium on Customs Duties on Electronic Transmissions (1998): This WTO decision prevents countries from imposing tariffs on digital products like software downloads and streaming. But it was meant to be temporary and is renegotiated every two years. Clearly, WTO rules were not designed with the digital age in mind, which creates a governance gap. Key Issues in Digital Trade Governance 1. Cross-Border Data Flows vs. Data Localization One of the most contentious issues is whether countries should allow the free flow of data across borders or require that data be stored domestically (data localization). Pro free-flow: The U.S., EU, and many developed nations argue that restricting cross-border data flows hampers innovation and efficiency. Pro localization: Countries like India, China, and Russia emphasize digital sovereignty, national security, and the need to protect local industries. 2. Privacy and Cybersecurity Different countries have different approaches to privacy. The EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is seen as the gold standard, but many developing countries lack comparable frameworks. Ensuring global compatibility while respecting national laws is a major challenge. 3. Customs Duties on Electronic Transmissions The WTO moratorium on e-transmissions is controversial: Developed countries want to make it permanent, arguing that it boosts global e-commerce. Some developing countries, like India and South Africa, argue that it erodes their tariff revenues and stifles digital industrialization. 4. Intellectual Property and Digital Content How should digital products like movies, music, and software be treated? Piracy, copyright protection, and platform liability remain unresolved issues in WTO negotiations. 5. Digital Divide and Inclusivity Not all countries have the same digital capacity. Least developed countries (LDCs) fear that binding digital trade rules could lock them out of future opportunities by forcing them to adopt standards they cannot meet. WTO Efforts on Digital Trade Early Steps: The 1998 E-Commerce Work Programme In 1998, the WTO launched its Work Programme on Electronic Commerce, focusing on trade-related aspects of e-commerce. However, progress has been slow due to disagreements among members. Joint Statement Initiative (JSI) on E-Commerce (2017) At the 11th WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires (2017), over 70 countries launched the Joint Statement Initiative on E-Commerce, which has since grown to include more than 90 members. The JSI aims to negotiate new rules for digital trade, covering issues like data flows, source code protection, and cybersecurity. However, not all WTO members participate—India and South Africa, for example, have stayed out, citing concerns about inclusivity and sovereignty. Current Negotiations Negotiators are debating rules on: Prohibition of forced data localization. Non-discrimination of digital products. Protection of source code. Consumer trust in online transactions. Customs duties on digital products. Although progress has been made, disagreements remain sharp. Major Players and Their Positions United States The U.S. champions free flow of data and open digital markets, aiming to protect its tech giants like Google, Amazon, and Microsoft. It opposes data localization and seeks strong intellectual property protections. European Union The EU supports digital trade but insists on strong privacy protections under GDPR. It advocates a balance between data flows and data protection. China China supports digital trade but insists on its right to regulate data flows domestically for national security. It backs digital industrialization policies and has built a heavily regulated domestic digital economy. India India has emerged as a vocal critic of binding digital trade rules. It argues that premature commitments could harm developing countries’ ability to grow their digital industries. India emphasizes digital sovereignty, policy space, and the need for technology transfer. Developing and Least Developed Countries Many LDCs are wary of joining binding rules, fearing they will cement the dominance of developed-country tech giants while limiting their ability to build local capacity. Opportunities and Challenges Ahead Opportunities Global Standards: WTO rules can provide certainty and predictability for businesses engaging in digital trade. Market Access for SMEs: Clear rules could empower small businesses to access global digital markets. Trust and Security: Multilateral rules could strengthen consumer trust in cross-border digital transactions. Digital Inclusion: Properly designed agreements can help developing countries build digital capacity. Challenges Geopolitical Rivalries: U.S.–China tensions spill over into digital trade negotiations. Digital Divide: Differences in technological capacity make uniform rules difficult. Sovereignty Concerns: Many governments want control over data and digital regulation. Consensus-Based System: The WTO’s decision-making process makes agreement slow and difficult. The Future of Digital Trade at the WTO For the WTO to remain relevant in the 21st century, it must adapt its rules to the realities of the digital economy. Possible pathways include: Permanent Moratorium on E-Transmissions: Making the moratorium permanent would provide stability but must be balanced with the revenue concerns of developing nations. Flexible Rules: Allowing countries to adopt commitments at their own pace, giving developing nations more policy space. Plurilateral Agreements: If consensus is impossible, groups of willing countries (like JSI members) could move forward, while others join later. Capacity Building: The WTO can provide technical and financial assistance to help developing countries build digital infrastructure. Balancing Sovereignty and Openness: Rules must respect national regulatory space while facilitating global digital trade. Conclusion Digital trade is the backbone of the 21st-century global economy, but its governance remains fragmented and contested. The WTO, as the cornerstone of the multilateral trading system, faces the challenge of updating its rules to fit this new reality. Success will depend on balancing openness with sovereignty, ensuring inclusivity for developing countries, and addressing pressing issues like data flows, privacy, and digital taxation. If the WTO can rise to this challenge, it can remain a central institution for global trade governance in the digital age. But if it fails, digital trade rules may be set through fragmented regional agreements, deepening divides and weakening the multilateral system. In setting the rules for the 21st century, the WTO has an opportunity to shape not only the future of trade but also the broader digital transformation of the global economy. The choices made today will define whether digital trade becomes a driver of inclusive global prosperity—or a source of new inequalities and conflicts.
BITSTAMP:BTCUSDEducation
by GlobalWolfStreet
1
OP - Accumulation Base, Eyes on $1 BINANCE:OPUSDT spent months in markdown, then shifted into a broad accumulation range. Momentum is stabilizing, and price is leaning toward the top of that box. The first key hurdle is the $1 psychological level 🔑. It lines up with range resistance and a potential phase shift into markup if broken with a clean daily close. As long as the range low holds, I’ll look for dips to get involved, targeting a retest of $1 and higher inside a developing markup phase 🚀. If price loses the range floor, I’ll step aside and wait for fresh confirmation ⏳. What’s your plan here => buy the base and ride the breakout, or wait for a confirmed close above $1? 🤔 ⚠️ Disclaimer: This is not financial advice. Always do your own research and manage risk properly. 📚 Stick to your trading plan regarding entries, risk, and management. Good luck! 🍀 All Strategies Are Good; If Managed Properly! ~Richard Nasr
Long
by TheSignalyst
2
Bitcoin BTC price analysis FOMC Fed rate🚀 CRYPTOCAP:BTC price is rising, while altcoins remain silent. What happens tomorrow when the Fed announces its new rate? 🤔 📊 Expectations: 98% believe in a -0.25% cut 2% expect -0.5% and no one believes it will stay unchanged at 4.5% That’s why the market has already priced this in. But tomorrow, once the official decision comes — everything could flip ⚡️ 📉 The chart looks like chaos to most, but a "trained eye" sees harmony: candles moving level to level. 🔑 Key zones for OKX:BTCUSDT : Upper channel boundary: $117,800 – $118,000 (only breakable on massive volumes). September is statistically weak. It opened at $108K, that’s the “zero point”. Logical scenario — dip to $102K. 😬 Worse scenarios: $96,500 GAP close at $91,600 (but you’ll roast us for this one 😂). ❓Your take: By the end of September, will #Bitcoin be above $108K or below? ______________ ◆ Follow us ❤️ for daily crypto insights & updates! 🚀 Don’t miss out on important market moves 🧠 DYOR | This is not financial advice, just thinking out loud.
by P_S_trade
7
Lingrid | USDCAD Sideways Market Long Opportunity FX:USDCAD has been trading within a clear sideways channel after facing strong rejection from the resistance zone near 1.3925. Price has since formed a lower high and dipped into the 1.3764–1.3693 support region, where buyers are attempting to stabilize. A bounce from this demand area could fuel a recovery toward 1.3850, but the broader structure remains corrective unless price clears above the descending trendline. ⚠️ Risks: A sustained break below 1.3765 would expose 1.3700 and the deeper support area. Stronger crude oil prices could strengthen the CAD and weigh on USDCAD. Unexpected hawkish Fed comments may disrupt the short-term rebound scenario. If this idea resonates with you or you have your own opinion, traders, hit the comments. I’m excited to read your thoughts!
Long
by Lingrid
3
GOLD 4H CHART ROUTE MAP UPDATEHey Everyone, After successfully sharing our 1H chart target updates earlier this week, here’s an update on our our 4H chart idea shared on Sunday. This setup has also played out perfectly: We started the week with 3655 being hit. That was followed by the EMA5 cross and lock, which opened the target for 3696, also hit perfectly to complete the target. Currently, we’re seeing range play between 3655 and 3696. The next move will depend on whether we get another EMA5 cross and lock above or below these two Goldturns, which will guide us toward the next range. We will keep the above in mind when taking buys from dips. Our updated levels and weighted levels will allow us to track the movement down and then catch bounces up. We will continue to buy dips using our support levels taking 20 to 40 pips. As stated before each of our level structures give 20 to 40 pip bounces, which is enough for a nice entry and exit. If you back test the levels we shared every week for the past 24 months, you can see how effectively they were used to trade with or against short/mid term swings and trends. The swing range give bigger bounces then our weighted levels that's the difference between weighted levels and swing ranges. BULLISH TARGET 3655 - DONE EMA5 CROSS AND LOCK ABOVE 3655 WILL OPEN THE FOLLOWING BULLISH TARGETS 3696 - DONE EMA5 CROSS AND LOCK ABOVE 3696 WILL OPEN THE FOLLOWING BULLISH TARGET 3738 BEARISH TARGETS 3615 EMA5 CROSS AND LOCK BELOW 3615 WILL OPEN THE FOLLOWING BEARISH TARGET 3583 EMA5 CROSS AND LOCK BELOW 3583 WILL OPEN THE FOLLOWING BEARISH TARGET 3545 EMA5 CROSS AND LOCK BELOW 3545 WILL OPEN THE FOLLOWING BEARISH TARGET 3509 EMA5 CROSS AND LOCK BELOW 3509 WILL OPEN THE SWING RANGE 3458 3409 EMA5 CROSS AND LOCK BELOW 3409 WILL OPEN THE SECONDARY SWING RANGE 3360 3320 As always, we will keep you all updated with regular updates throughout the week and how we manage the active ideas and setups. Thank you all for your likes, comments and follows, we really appreciate it! Mr Gold GoldViewFX
OANDA:XAUUSD
by Goldviewfx
1
TradeCityPro | Bitcoin Daily Analysis #178👋 Welcome to TradeCity Pro! Let’s move on to Bitcoin analysis. Yesterday the interest rate decision was released and Powell gave a speech. Let’s see how this affected the market. ⌛️ 4-Hour Timeframe After breaking the 113,222 zone on the 4-hour chart, Bitcoin started a new upward trend and rallied up to 116,960. ✔️ Yesterday’s interest rate announcement was dovish (a cut) and supportive for Bitcoin, helping it break above the 116,960 high. 📊 Currently, the price has pulled back to this zone and is preparing to start its next main move. If that plays out, the next targets will be around 121,881 and 124,494. 📈 The market has built strong bullish momentum, and the trend can continue. This means we can look for long setups on lower timeframes as soon as triggers activate. ⚡️ As long as price holds above 113,222, I continue to view Bitcoin as being in an uptrend. Therefore, while the price remains above this zone, I won’t be opening any short positions. ❌ Disclaimer ❌ Trading futures is highly risky and dangerous. If you're not an expert, these triggers may not be suitable for you. You should first learn risk and capital management. You can also use the educational content from this channel. Finally, these triggers reflect my personal opinions on price action, and the market may move completely against this analysis. So, do your own research before opening any position.
Long
by tradecitypro
MAVIA Bullish Path Breakout Holds, Eyes on 5.80 TargetMAVIA has completed a clean breakout from its prolonged downtrend and is currently building momentum from the accumulation zone. Price is holding above the breakout level, with the neckline zone around 0.74 acting as the critical barrier to unlock further upside. A successful clearance of the immediate supply zone could drive price toward the immediate target around 1.40, while the broader structure projects a final setup target near 5.80. As long as price sustains above the accumulation base, the bullish setup remains valid, with downside risk only triggered on a breakdown back below 0.10.
Long
by weslad